Where you renew depends on your nationality, not where you are
You renew with your own country's authorities, usually through its nearest embassy or consulate in the country where you're living or travelling. Being abroad does not let you renew through the local government — a US citizen in Spain renews with a US consulate, not Spanish authorities, and the same logic applies to every nationality.
Some countries also offer mail-in renewal or an online portal for citizens overseas, which can avoid an in-person visit entirely, while others require you to appear in person to submit biometrics or surrender your old passport. Which applies to you varies by country and sometimes by your specific situation, so confirm the accepted method with your consulate before you travel to one.
What you'll typically need and how appointments work
Most renewals ask for your current or expiring passport, a recent photo to an exact specification, a completed application form, and a fee — but the details differ by country. Photo rules in particular are strict and country-specific (size, background colour, whether glasses or smiles are allowed), and a rejected photo is one of the most common reasons a renewal stalls, so check your own country's exact spec rather than reusing an old print.
Many consulates require a booked appointment rather than walk-ins, and slots are often released through an online booking system or, in some cases, by phone. Availability can be tight in busy locations, so it's worth confirming early how appointments are released, whether there's a waitlist, and exactly which documents to bring so you don't lose your slot over a missing item.
Processing time, and what to do if you need to travel sooner
Renewals typically take a few weeks from submission, plus time for the new passport to be printed and returned to you, but timelines vary widely by country and by how busy the consulate is. Build in a buffer well beyond your planned travel date, and don't book non-refundable trips against a passport you don't yet hold.
If you have urgent travel, many countries offer an expedited service or an emergency or temporary travel document that gets you home or to your next destination, often at extra cost and with limited validity. Eligibility and what the emergency document actually permits vary by country, so check with your consulate what's available and whether your destination accepts it. A quick call can confirm your exact document list, the current appointment and processing situation, and any emergency options before you commit to a trip — and that's the kind of hold-and-ask call an AI agent can handle on your behalf.